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The mystery of the Nazi Supertechnology

In the last months of World War II, Allied soldiers, from the bomber pilots who daily razed cities, hubs and German production facility, to simple soldiers, watched with amazement how the weapons they used the enemy was increasingly strange and sophisticated, to the point of creating a myth: the existence in Germany in 1945, wonderful arms were about to change the outcome of the race

The funny thing is that this belief is largely true. Occasional spectacular actions taken by German soldiers with new weapons like the spectacular destruction of the Remagen bridge over the Rhine, in a bold attack bombers and jet fighters Messerschrnitt Ar-234 and I-262, or destruction Normandy of 25 British tanks in one day by a lone Tiger Truck, further fueling the belief that if war did not end soon, the allies could be in big problem.

Today it is still investigating how it was possible that Germany, even though one of the world's most advanced nations could develop in as little as amazing machines.

The truth is that even though official propaganda tried to convince allies, in the early 40's of the mind "square" of the Germans and their inability to have original ideas that could bring anything new to the field of advanced weaponry, all was simply amazing creations and included from sonic rays to break down houses to flying saucers, from throwing bullets rifles bent corners to guns loaded with missiles of "air."

Fortunately for the world, the Allies counted in his favor with political factors and strategic hindered the development of many of Reich's research programs in the military, forced to suspend some revolutionary studies, as was the case of the creations of Lipish and foreign aircraft. While the achievements Nazis did not ceased to be irregular and the very extent of the investigation prevented good results were achieved, the fact is that in early 1945 the Germans had prototype weapons that might well have changed the outcome of the war.

El Ingenio to Power

In the early twentieth century development of science in Germany was so high that its research and innovation had no rival among developed countries. The social status of scientists was very high. In the 30's and thanks to its strong system of propaganda, the Nazis scientists and technicians enjoyed an estimate and never had, with the common aspiration to join these professions and succeed in their field.

With the coming to power of the Nazis was to produce a subtle change. The profound anti-intellectualism of the Nazi regime and its departure from the official doctrines of university research centers facilitated the search for original solutions, so as to achieve the 40 achievements unimaginable a decade earlier.

All weapons experts of the Third Reich have highlighted an obvious fact: if the investigation was just one year in advance, the result of the war could have been different. When the Wehrmacht high command realized the usefulness of some of the creations of its technicians, the situation was very bad, so that priorities were aimed at German immediate needs, ie, weapons that could be of direct use in battle, ignoring some very ambitious projects requiring a major investment in money and time, something that Reich did not count.

However, despite the time constraints, shortage of raw materials and sometimes agonizing situation in which they worked, German researchers came to reach heights of creativity that seem simply miraculous. There are reasons that facilitated, firstly proven evidence that any war is a good breeding ground for all sorts of picturesque inventors, secondly, the revolutionary applications from 1943, the Germans placed in frontline obeyed to the pure and simple trust that the soldiers had in the capacity of technicians and scientists. Combat units believed in their prototypes in the very high staff. German technology provided revolutionary solutions to the problems of modern combat that even today would make the German infantry year 45 a formidable opponent for any modern army.

Of Science In The Magic

The first such research "magic weapons" was born in the early 40's, when technicians began to develop viewers able to offer the full and effective soldier vision in complete darkness. At first consisted only of a small handheld camera that functioned as a photo developer, transforming the invisible infrared rays into visible light.

A convex lens focuses light rays onto a screen, making cathode rays were directed toward a fluorescent screen, so that infrared radiation is made visible as a small television. In the beginning was successfully tested as a locator of infrared emissions, allowing hidden hit targets they produced heat (motor vehicles, artillery, etc..).

The infrared radiator models year 45 teams complete series of the most advanced tanks (such as the Tigre Real or Panzer V) and were able to locate the enemy vehicles with amazing accuracy. Some detectors could set the position of an enemy gun more than 130 km. away, with an error of one minute of arc. Lighter models were mounted on assault rifles Std-44, to create units nachtjäggers nocturnal hunters, which equipped with the "magic eye" could stalk their enemies in the middle of the night. These amazing models worked well with solar energy, charging with an exposure to daylight than a quarter of daily horn.

The soldier also received in the last months of war, some amazing improvements to facilitate their survival. The best known is the Panzerfaust or terrible "iron fist" hollow-charge anti-tank weapon manufactured in bulk. Likewise, Professor Schick, creator of the first camouflage smocks and the greatest expert of his time in polimimetismo, came to develop a model called the SS Leibenmuster in a fabric similar to linen / rayon with special impregnation allowed to evade infrared rays of the enemy. In this kind of creation could add the Goliath, clever robots and unmanned armored cable, mounted on tracks that could be used against fortified positions, bunkers or fighting positions.

But in the midst of so much genius also appeared useless prototypes or anecdotal. An example was weapons capable of firing "across the corner." Apparently, the idea arose among the grenadiers and riflemen who fought on the Italian front and who were, again and again, wrapped in complicated street fighting, house to house. The device consisted of a simple system that added a piece of rounded barrel of a gun mouth rialto Stg-44. They made some holes in the beginning of the curve to allow the escape of gases and slow down a bit the bullet and bound them over a voluminous scope. Shooting this gun produced a strange movement, which also kick up the bullet had come out to exactly 30 ° from the original line of the barrel.

Few German military investigations have sparked the popular imagination over the designs of airships of all kinds. It is absolutely impossible to know exactly what they came to develop their technical and thousands of documents are still under analysis. But what is clear is that were the first step towards space exploration and that some designs were so amazing that many people refuse to believe in its existence.

The German experiments with jet aircraft began in secret in the 30's, in the early 40, the prototype jets were already a reality. There were dozens of projects reached an advanced stage and hundreds who were on the drawing board or just went from being an illusion. We are not concerned here with the sophisticated aircraft continued flying during the war, as the Heinkel He-162 "Salamander" or the famous Messerschmitt Me-262 and I-163, nor for any aircraft where there is no evidence sound of its existence, as Kugelblitze flying saucers, but real projects that have entered service had located the German aviation decades ahead of the Allies. Some examples:

Focke-Wulf "1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000" is so named because of the intended goals: to bring a thousand kilos of bombs a thousand miles an hour and a thousand miles away. It was a heavy bomber with delta wing, which would make debris English and Russian cities. With the expected rate would have been unattainable for Allied fighters, like a ghost.

Bachem 8-349A1 "Natter" rocket Hunting throwaway "that even made one unmanned test flight. It was a cheap airplane designed to destroy enemy bomber formations. Weighed only 1,960 pounds and had a length of 14 meters. The interceptor missile launched from a ramp and had to close at high speed to throw an enemy plane shock twelve 73 mm anti-aircraft rockets. and then flee, at which the cockpit was clear and it fell by parachute.

Focke-Wulf Fw-03 "10,225": In this case the engineers looked for a bomber capable of reaching the United States. It was a huge ship, with a central fuselage and two accessories, which was to transport 3,000 kilograms of bombs for 8,000 miles away. Armed with 9 guns and 4 machine guns, and can reach 9,000 meters high, was a master development.

Focke-WuIf "Triebfluegel": the rare beetle is one of the earliest examples of vertical takeoff and landing. Though a workable model that had exceeded the speed of sound, official apathy prevented its construction and was still at the design stage to end the war. The three long arms acted as the blades of a helicopter and lifted to the plane. Each blade had at its ends a small jet engine.

Horten Ho-IX-A: Ala-driven jet flying jets and armed with four 30 mm cannons. The work done by the Horten brothers did not end with the end of the war, as in the United States continued its military research laboratory at White Sands, New Mexico, where he contributed to the development of the first Northrop flying wings.

Missiles and Rockets: The ultimate weapon

The rockets were the technicians who gave hope to get a decisive weapon, and near misses. Even today, the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICBM remains the major deterrent to the major powers and all, without exception, have their origin in the achievements of German World War II and the studies of Tsiolkovsky, Goddard and Oberth, the makers of first rockets effective.

In a curious book of 1923 entitled The rocket going into interplanetary space was first discussed the project of creating a rocket not very different from what was then the V2. Their ideas, carried on by Poggensee and Winkler, were decisively supported by the Office of the Army Test and rocket division led by the then Captain Walter Dornberger, who had the task of building anything that could fly higher, farther and more power than any weapon known.

After installing a large complex on the Baltic island of Peenemünde, hundreds of scientists, many without knowing what purpose they had their work formed the basis of the world's first guided missile, the V1 and V2 flying bombs. But Dornberger failed to convince Hitler of their effectiveness until 1943, after which time enjoyed unlimited funds.

In addition to these weapons of retaliation directed against allied cities (especially London), were devised other interesting projects such as the BV-143 and BV-246, shipping cruise missiles which were flying at water level, or the terrible SD- 1400, an armor-piercing bomb with wings, which dropped from an aircraft sank the battleship Roma.

Without doubt all the best known anti-ship weapons was the HS-293 and its successors, which dropped from aircraft and guided by radio sank dozens of Allied ships. Moreover, experimental results facilitated the creation of rockets that can be used to support ground troops. The catalog was impressive, from the Rheinbote (messenger of the Rhine), a terrible earth-ground tactical missile, launched for the first time during the Ardennes offensive in December 1944 to the first anti-aircraft missiles as Rheintöchter. And if the end of the war would not have prevented the V9 and V10 were prepared in April 45 in the underground industrial complex of the Hartz mountain range would have allowed the Nazis to bomb the United States.

One Step Of Science Fiction

In the early 40's, Dr. Richard Wallauschek developed a revolutionary weapon which he called "sonic cannon." Consisted of two parabolic reflectors connected by several pipes forming a firing chamber. Through the pipes entered the chamber a mixture of oxygen and methane that was detonated in a loop.

The sound waves produced by explosions, by reflection, generating a shock wave of high intensity beam created a huge sonic range. The high note sending exceed 1,000 millibars to about 50 meters. At this distance, half a minute of exposure would kill anyone who was found nearby, and 250 meters would produce excruciating pain. This unusual weapon was never used in a battlefield (it was very voluminous, as the second reflector was over 3 meters), although there are rumors that he used on animals.

As for the "lightning storm" was built in the Experimental Institute of Lofer in the Austrian Tyrol. Designed by Dr. Zippermeyer, was based on a large-caliber mortar sinking into the ground and shot shells loaded with explosive pulverized coal and a slow-acting. Mixing, ordnance, had to create an artificial typhoon to bring down any aircraft that might be in the vicinity. The idea was good and it is likely that pressure changes would have caused a strain on the wings enough to destroy them.

Even more original was the "canyon wind." Ugly and grotesque in appearance, was built with a large curved pipe elbow with a hump-shaped and supported in a huge front stock. It was a marvel of precision chemistry, acting as a critical mixture of oxygen and hydrogen in molecular proportions selected. Launched, following a violent explosion, a missile of "wind", a kind of block of compressed air and water vapor with sufficient power to simulate the effect of a grenade. The tests were performed in Hillersleben and managed to destroy wooden planks 2.5 cm thick at 183 yards away. An experimental prototype was installed on a bridge over the Elbe just before the war ended, but was never used.

Another strange idea that has been echoed by the sensationalist press and Conspiranoids is "endothermic bomb", on which there are very few clues. It was bombs dropped by aircraft would be long range and ability to, when detonated, creating a zone of intense cold would freeze within a radius of one kilometer all life temporarily. This ingenious weapon "green", which did not destroy the place or the property was much appreciated, it did not generate radiation.

Research on climate change in all its forms reached levels not know, because the evidence was destroyed. However the Germans relied on these weather weapons until after the war ended, without knowing yet what purposes. It is no coincidence that the last German military unit to surrender whatever it occupied the meteorological research station in the Norwegian Arctic island of Spitzbergen, in September 1945, more than six months after the fall of Berlin and only knowing that Japan had surrendered. One of the mysteries of World War II still unravel

The secret weapons were not mere whim or hearsay. On the contrary, were creations solid, sometimes very effective and terrifying power, which today, in the twenty-first century continue to raise admiration, though the living proof of what human ingenuity can do when driving in a fanatical cruel.

Organized Imagination

Secret military projects are expensive. Therefore, in the Germany of the Third Reich, as happens now in the U.S., a considerable part of the investigation was in the hands of private companies as Krup or Mauser, true macrocomplex factories and industrial interests worldwide, mainly in South America, allowing them to work in isolation and to evade the restrictions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Leading the Army investigation was the minister of Weapons and War Production directed by Albert Speer. Him, depended on Hereeswaffenamt Prüfwesen, the Office for Armaments for the Army, known as Wa Prüf and Research Section of Arms or Waffen Forschungs.

Both organizations were controlled by the Office of Weapons Hereeswaffenamt or during the war led by General Becker and his death by General Leeb, who were organized into subdivisions geared to each type of project, weapons and ammunition, signs, optical and communications engineering and rockets. In the Navy had something similar. It worked in specialized subgroups and with support from private companies. Marine Division Marine Waffenamt Armanento also depended Speer and also had experimental divisions, each project that filtered through the extensive use of controls that ensured the best products, quality requirements increasing. But obviously for its complexity and achievements include the vast machinery created by Goering for Luftwaffe, which was under their full control, even beyond the powerful Speer.

Through Amt Techniches led by General Udet, had specialized units for engines, weapons, bombs and torpedoes, communications and radars, ground equipment, etc. Skilled, motivated and very high wages, the gains were secured. Workplaces as the Goering Institute of Air Weapons, hidden in the basement of a forest, facilities were so formidable that not even today have been overcome.

Biological warfare

If anything stood out the Germans in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was in the chemical industry. In the field of nerve gases, Germany available since 39 of Tabun (cianodimetilamonatosfosfina oxide), followed by the Sarin (fluorometilpinacoliloxifosfina), and later the Soman. Colorless liquid was affecting the nerve centers, causing a horrible death accompanied by vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and muscle contractions.

A tenth of a milligram is enough to kill a human. The Germans tested them in concentration camps, but did not dare to use in the war for fear of reprisals allies. In the field of biological warfare developed a weapon based on Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that occurs as a residual substance of the botulinum toxin metabolism, the most powerful poison known. We designed a system that could drop sprays poison sprayed into the fog, for the wind to carry the cloud of death to England. Fortunately, the fear of a counterattack stopped the project.

Incredible controversy: Is Hollow Earth?

For many years it was believed that the earth was hollow, but until 1968 there was no proof. That year, some pictures taken by satellite showed clearly a huge hole in the North Pole.

In early 1970, the Science Service Management Environment (ESSA), belonging to the Department of Commerce of the United States, provided the press photographs of the North Pole taken by the ESSA-7 satellite on November 23, 1968 .

A photograph showed the North Pole covered by the usual cloud cover, the other showing the same area without clouds, revealing a huge hole where the pole would be due. The ESSA was far from suspecting that her photos were routine air reconnaissance to help raise one of the most stunning and famous controversies in the history of UFOs.

In the June 1970 issue of the journal Flying Saucers, UFO researcher and editor Ray Palmer reproduced photos of the ESSA-7 satellite with an article which stated that the hole in the photo was real.

For a long time, Ray Palmer and other ufologists had believed that the Earth is hollow, and that UFOs come from and return to a civilization of superior beings that is hidden inside unexplored. In 1970, with the support of a photograph featuring the gaping hole at the North Pole, Palmer was finally able to ensure that underground super-race existed and could probably reach it through the holes in the North and South poles.

In future issues of Flying Saucers supported his theory resurrecting another old controversy about the "hollow Earth": that of the famous expeditions of Admiral Richard E. Byrd to the North and South poles.

"Vice Admiral Richard E. Byrd of the U.S. Navy was a distinguished pioneer aviator and polar explorer who flew over the North Pole on May 9, 1926 and led numerous expeditions to Antarctica, including a flight over the South Pole on 29 November 1929. Between 1946 and 1947, carried out large-scale operation called "High Jump" (High Jump), during which he discovered and mapped 1,390,000 km ² of Antarctic territory.

The famous Byrd expeditions first entered the hollow Earth controversy when several articles and books specially Worlds Beyond the Poles (Worlds beyond the Poles), the Amadeo Giannini claimed that Byrd had not actually flown over the Pole but inside the big holes into the interior of the Earth. Ray Palmer, based primarily on Giannini's book, introduced this theory in the 1959 December issue of its magazine and, as a consequence, he maintained a voluminous correspondence.

According to Giannini and Palmer, Vice Admiral Byrd announced in February 1947 before a course of 2,750 km journey across the North Pole: "I would like to see the land beyond the Pole. That area beyond the Pole is the center of the Great Enigma. "Giannini and Palmer also said that during his alleged flight over the North Pole in 1947, Vice Admiral Byrd radioed that he saw below him, no snow, but areas land with mountains, forests, vegetation, lakes and rivers and, in the undergrowth, a strange animal that looked like a mammoth.

Also, again according to Giannini and Palmer, in January 1956 after leading another expedition to the Antarctic, Admiral Byrd had said that his 3,700 km expedition had explored beyond the South Pole and also just before his death, Byrd had said about the land beyond the Pole was "an enchanted continent in the sky, land of enduring mystery." That land, according to other theories, was the legendary Rainbow City, the cradle of a great lost civilization.

For Giannini and Palmer, the comments attributed to Admiral Byrd did nothing but confirm what they had always suspected: that the earth is shaped "strange" at the poles, something like a 'donut', with a depression or well is sunk many miles in the bowels of the earth, or form a giant hole that passes through the Earth's axis, from one pole to another.

Since, for geographical reasons, it is impossible to fly 2,750 miles beyond the North Pole and 3,700 km beyond the South Pole without seeing water, it stands to reason that Admiral Byrd must have flown into the large cavities within the convex pole within the Great Enigma of the interior of the Earth and that if it had gone ahead, would have reached the secret UFO base belonging to the super-race hidden, perhaps the legendary Rainbow City Byrd would have been reflected in the sky .

The possibility that the Earth is hollow, it can get into it through North and South poles, and that secret civilizations flourish within it, has spurred the imaginations since time immemorial. Thus, the Babylonian hero Gilgamesh visited his ancestor Utnapishtim in the bowels of the earth, in Greek mythology, Orpheus tries to rescue Eurydice from hell underground, it was said that the Pharaohs of Egypt communicated with the underworld, which they agreed to hidden through secret tunnels in the pyramids, and Buddhist thought (and still believe) that millions of people live in Agharta, an underground paradise ruled by the king of the world.

The scientific world was not immune to this theory: Leonard Euler, a mathematical genius of the eighteenth century, concluded that the Earth was hollow, containing a central sun and was inhabited, and Dr. Edmund Halley, discoverer of Comet Halley and Astronomer Royal England in the eighteenth century, he also believed that the Earth was hollow inside and contained three plants. None of these theories was supported scientifically, but alternated with various works of fiction on the same topic, the most important of which was The Adventures of Arthur Gordon Pym, Edgar Allan Poe (1833), in which the hero and his companion have a terrifying encounter with beings inside the Earth, and Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne (1864), in which an adventurous professor, his nephew and a guide enter the Earth's interior through a extinct volcano in Iceland, and find new skies, seas and gigantic prehistoric reptiles that abound in the forests.

The belief in a hollow earth was so widespread that even Edgar Rice Burroughs, the famous author of Tarzan, felt compelled to write Tarzan in the bowels of the Earth (1929), in which the famous son of the forest will Pellucidar, a world that is on the inside surface of the Earth that is lit by a central sun. The shadow beyond time (1936) by H. P. Lovecraft transported the subject to the present time describing an ancient subterranean race that dominated the Earth for 150 million years ago and that since then, the shelter of the inner Earth, has invented atomic planes and vehicles, and dominates the trip in the time and extrasensory perception.

These and other works of fiction kept alive the interest in the possibility that the Earth was hollow and that hide other civilizations.

Thus, when the first UFOs were sighted in the United States in 1947 and "UFOmania" first hit the country and the world later, two theories emerged to explain. UFOs should be either alien spacecraft of some distant galaxy or belonged to avanzadísimos beings who lived inside the Earth. These theories led to recover the legends of civilizations 'loss' of Atlantis and Thule, in the belief that the latter was in the Arctic (not to be confused with Dundas, by Thule, the Inuit in Greenland enclave that is now an air base in the United States and communications center.)

However, he also believed that another possible source of origin of the UFO was spoken in the Antarctic. This theory arose from the publication of the compelling book by John G. Fuller, The Interrupted Journey (1966), in which the author tells the story of Betty and Barney Hill, an American couple who, during psychiatric treatment due to an unexplained period of amnesia, recalled under hypnosis that they had been abducted by aliens examined in the interior of a flying saucer informed that the extraterrestrials had bases all over the Earth, some in the bottom of the sea and at least one in Antarctica.

Thus, when Ray Palmer published his controversial theory in 1970, ufologists and the hollow Earth believers were waiting. Was this conclusive evidence?

But the arguments adduced Palmer proved extremely weak. All research conducted since then have failed to confirm any statements attributed by Giannini and Palmer Vice Admiral Byrd has not even confirmed their flight over the North Pole in February 1947 (it is true that Byrd flew over the South Pole on that date, during Operation High Jump). Even assuming that Byrd made those comments, it is more logical to believe that "the land beyond the Pole" and "Grand Enigma" are ways of referring to unexplored regions, rather than hidden inside continents of the Earth, and that the 'enchanted continent in the sky "was only a description of a phenomenon common in Antarctic latitudes: a kind of mirage that brings the reflection of distant lands.

Although we have demonstrated the inaccuracy of the intended trip Byrd to the North Pole, there are some people who claim to have seen a news report on the expedition to the North Pole, which were "mountains, trees, rivers and a large animal identified as a mammoth. " A woman wrote to Ray Palmer about this newsletter, ensuring that he had seen in White Plains, New York, in 1929. However, this documentary is not registered in any file. Is it perhaps a trick of the United States Government? Or maybe that movie never existed? Funny how some people think "remember" in good faith a film that almost certainly never existed, it seems many of our earliest memories are "invented", and come from things they have told us then and we have imagined.

According to Byrd, and according to his diary: "We have flown a total of about 25,900 km ² of land beyond the Pole. As expected, although it is disappointing to say, revealed no important feature beyond the Pole. Only the vast white desert that covered the horizon. "Also, the legend of the Rainbow City can derive from a misinterpretation of Byrd's words:

He could have called the Avenue of the Rainbow Ice Cream. East and west stood lofty mountains. Some were not covered by ice, were black as coal or brick red. Others were completely covered with ice. They seemed gigantic waterfalls. Where the sun touched their peaks and slopes, the light is reflected in a range of colors. There was a mix of blue, purple and green as it has rarely seen the man.

Judging from the words of Byrd, we see that no land was leafy and mammoths beyond the South Pole, the figure of 2,750 km is wrong or exaggerated Rainbow City has no other reality than what Byrd described as " Rainbow Ice Cream ", a simple atmospheric phenomenon.

However, would the Earth be hollow? Again, the answer must be negative. Unlike what happened with the first hollow Earth theorists, physical properties and structure inside the Earth can now be measured accurately with seismographs and electronic computers. Far from being hollow, the Earth is composed of four main layers: the crust, mantle, core and the nucleolus. The crust of granite and basalt rock has a thickness of 30 to 40 km (much thinner in the trenches). Below the crust is the mantle, which extends down over 2,900 km, and is solid and composed of silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium and aluminum.

And below that is the core, believed to be composed mainly of iron in the molten state. Finally, at a depth of about 5,090 km is the nucleolus, which may be solid as a result of freezing of iron under the extraordinary pressure of about 3,200,000 atmospheres. Although many details are only hypotheses in the hope that advances in science allow us to confirm, of course, the earth is not hollow.

What about the gaping hole that could be seen in the photograph of the Arctic? The explanation is ridiculously simple and it could have happened to any intelligent child who knew anything about the daily rotation of the Earth. Unfortunately, fans of the hollow earth theory took this photo as "evidence" without consulting with anyone minimally expert on the subject.

The picture is a mosaic of images taken by the satellite TV for 24 hours, showing the Earth from different angles. The images were processed by a computer and joined so as to form an overall view of the Earth as if the observer was located in a point directly above the Pole. During those 24 hours, all points in the equatorial and middle latitudes receive sunlight for any period of time, and look bright in the composite picture. But the regions near the pole were then plunged into permanent darkness of Arctic winter. Thus there is an unlit area in the center of the photo.

Similar photographs taken during the Arctic summer are the polar ice cap. The same applies to photos taken at any time of year that are made through infrared, because the Earth emits radiation of heat both day and night. In summary, there are no holes at the poles and the earth is not hollow

In Mexico are the earliest possible tomb of Mesoamerica

 

Mexican and U.S. scientists located the tomb of a priest or authority may pre-Hispanic southern Mexico, which is thought to be the oldest in Mesoamerica.

The discovery occurred within a pyramid of the archaeological site of Chiapa de Corzo, in the southern state of Chiapas, and preliminary studies have an approximate age of 2,700 years.
On site, an area of culture Zoque a first grave was found with a man about 50 years and richly dressed, probably a priest or ruler. With him were the remains of a boy about a year and a young adult who is believed may have been sacrificed to accompany him.

In a smaller annex tomb, archaeologists found the remains possibly of a woman, also about 50 years.

The discovery was made by members of the so called Chiapa de Corzo Archaeological Project, involving scientists from INAH, National Autonomous University of Mexico and Brigham Young University in Utah, USA.

Since ceramic materials found, the scientists determined preliminarily that the burials date from the Middle Preclassic period, between 700 and 500 BC

"The characteristics of this discovery, they can say that the Mesoamerican tradition of using the pyramids as burial sites is much older than previously thought, and not from the Maya area," said the INAH.

The institute said the findings could help determine the development of the Olmec and Maya.

Experts said there is a similarity between the elements of multiple burial of Chiapa de Corzo, especially in terms of ornaments and pottery, with other discovered in recent decades in La Venta, Tabasco, belonging to the Olmec culture.

"It's very possible that an elite burial dates back to that period," he told the AP the archaeologist Lisa Lucero of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, and who was not connected with the finding reported by the INAH.

"While I have no doubt that is related to the Olmecs, there is no link itself with the Maya at the moment," he said, adding that at this time would be very difficult to make a link between these two cultures.

The possible dignitary was buried wearing a thousand jade beads, a loin cloth with inlaid pearls, jade pendants, bracelets. His mouth was covered with shells and teeth were inlaid with jade or shell.

Paranormal Powers

 


In the second half of the nineteenth century, the phenomenon of Spiritualism reveals the psychic powers of some people and raises the issue of explanation. It is this task that is enshrined in parapsychology, through the examination of particularly gifted individuals like Daniel Dunglass Home.

Born in 1833 in Currie, a town near Edinburgh, Home appears today as the greatest medium of all time. In 1868, compared to many observers a presentation that demonstrates the power, apparently undeniable, their psychic abilities.

Levitation

On December 16, 1868, in England, while with a group of people with Lord Adare, Lord Lindsay, Captain Wynne and Barry Smith, Home goes into a trance and starts to rise into the air. Floating out a window of the house where everyone is, goes at 20 feet above the ground and re-enter through the small window next room. Back to the room accompanied by Lord Adare. Not understanding how the latter could go through a half-open window, repeat the test Home: land rises again and goes out the window, head first and then the body almost horizontal, apparently rigid.

It is not the first nor the last time that lends itself to these exhibitions. Already in 1866, Home was raised to the ceiling of a room and drew a cross on it to show everyone that did not participate in a collective hallucination. Was thus, in front of witnesses, about fifty times during his career.

Precocious Talent

Already at the age of 4 years, the future medium moved to its environment by announcing events before they occur. Seems to have psychic powers of her mother, also known for his ability to "double vision." Having been an orphan, is adopted by her aunt, Mrs. Cook, who takes him to America when 9 years old. It is frail and suffers from tuberculosis. At age 13, Home announces the death of one of his colleagues, Edwin, who died three days later.

Some years later, a knock echoed by the family house and a few tables on the approach glide. The multiplication of incidents requiring the young to leave his aunt, a superstitious woman who accuses him of being possessed by the devil ...

We are then in 1851, shortly after the strange events that occurred at the home of the Fox, in Hydesville, marking the "birth of Spiritualism." Since many people who are interested in phenomena that are subsequently referred to as "paranormal." The amazing capabilities of young attention.

An impressive number of demonstrations

Since then starts an international career, which makes travel throughout Europe. Home is a sweet man, kind, lovely like a luxury, but refuses to receive money for their shows. The courts are fighting their presence. Among his admirers and protectors is the Emperor Napoleon III, Czar of Russia and the King of Bavaria. In contrast, the Italian authorities, particularly religious, do not appreciate their talents and do pass. In 1862, Home published his memoirs: Revelations about my supernatural life.

The exceptional nature of the case of Home is due to extensive testing, apparently solid (there are hundreds of witnesses), the extent of his powers. A commission sent by the Harvard University claims that, in the presence of the medium, a table was raised and moved a few centimeters, and the floor vibrated. The medium is not affected by the "environment" of the premises where it operates, and observers can follow the discussion without it disturbing in the slightest.

On December 16, 1868, in front of witnesses, Home flew through the air and flew out the window?.

When Home is in the process, the phenomena (whose nature can not explain) are many and varied: levitation, of course, but also vision, elongation of the body, materialization of objects and ectoplasm, telekinesis or moving objects from a distance, sound of music in the room, various phenomena of light,, spirit voices, etc. It can even handle without burning braziers. Sir William Crookes, renowned chemist who discovered the Talic (1861), intrigued by the fame of the medium, met with him and did tests on their capacities for many years.

The result of his research, published in 1871 in the Journal of Science Quarienly is entirely favorable to Home. The scientist tells the tests that had been home and finds that the medium can, for example, have an accordion with keys began to play alone move a distance, without having been able to find any trap. Home also underwent tests in St. Petersburg (1870), but his talent did not work then, a fact which did not surprise Crookes. The same, for a few sessions, obtained poor results: Home powers do not manifest continually simple order, which is rather an argument in its favor. Until his death in 1886 because of the tuberculosis he suffered since childhood, he was never able to prove any fraud.

Great Mediums

For the spiritualists, mediums are intermediate between men and spirits. For parapsychologists, are subject to possess psychic powers. On occasion the mediums were caught cheating, well, Eusepia Palladino in the nineteenth century and Uri Geller, closer to us. But the psychic powers do not manifest at will. It is conceivable that some mediums in great demand not resist the temptation to go to subterfuge in case of impotence, which does not necessarily put in doubt the reality of his powers.

In the nineteenth century .- This century is rich in mediums, and is difficult to choose. Take, however, the Davenport brothers, who tied, they are able to move objects distant and elevated themselves into the air. Or Eusepia Palladino, who was considered by many experts as the criminologist C. Lombroso (Hypnotism and Spiritualism, 1911) and the astronomer Camille Flammarion (unknown natural forces, 1907).

In the twentieth century .- The Frenchman Jean-Pierre Girard and Israeli Uri Geller is able to twist telekinesistas metal objects without touching them. In a television appearance was a phenomenon of "contagion" paranormal, to quote the terms of specialist R. Tocquet and twisted spoons, keys and watches from viewers. The evidence on this phenomenon were so numerous that the telephone exchange of British television (BBC) AUTO POWER on December 23, 1973, and the same happened to the French television on 15 November 1974.

In Russia .- In the former Soviet Union, scientists conducted studies on the paranormal. The medium Nely Mikhailova was the subject of his famous experiments were filmed sequences. A documentary distance separating the sample under strict control, the yolk and white of an egg in a glass bowl placed at 1.80 meters of it, and then reassemble them.